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Osip Mandelstam
Osip Emilyevich Mandelstam〔Also romanized Osip Mandelshtam, Ossip Mandelstamm〕 (; – 27 December 1938) was a Russian poet and essayist who lived in Russia during and after its revolution and the rise of the Soviet Union and husband of Nadezhda Mandelstam. He was one of the foremost members of the Acmeist school of poets. He was arrested by Joseph Stalin's government during the repression of the 1930s and sent into internal exile with his wife Nadezhda. Given a reprieve of sorts, they moved to Voronezh in southwestern Russia. In 1938 Mandelstam was arrested again and sentenced to a camp in Siberia. He died that year at a transit camp.
==Life and work==
Mandelstam was born in Warsaw (then part of the Russian Empire) to a wealthy Polish Jewish family. His father, a leather merchant by trade, was able to receive a dispensation freeing the family from the pale of settlement and, soon after Osip's birth, they moved to Saint Petersburg. In 1900, Mandelstam entered the prestigious Tenishevsky School. The writer Vladimir Nabokov and other significant figures of Russian and Soviet culture have been among its alumni. His first poems were printed in 1907 in the school's almanac.
In April 1908, Mandelstam decided to enter the Sorbonne in Paris to study literature and philosophy, but he left the following year to attend the University of Heidelberg in Germany. In 1911, he decided to continue his education at the University of Saint Petersburg, from which Jews were excluded, he converted to Methodism and entered the university the same year.〔http://aalto.vbgcity.ru/node/72〕 He did not complete a formal degree.〔(Vitaly Charny, "Osip Emilyevich Mandelshtam (1889-1938) Russian Poet" )〕
Mandelstam's poetry, acutely populist in spirit after the first Russian revolution in 1905, became closely associated with symbolist imagery. In 1911, he and several other young Russian poets formed the "Poets' Guild" (Russian: Цех Поэтов, ''Tsekh Poetov''), under the formal leadership of Nikolai Gumilyov and Sergei Gorodetsky. The nucleus of this group became known as Acmeists. Mandelstam wrote the manifesto for the new movement: ''The Morning Of Acmeism'' (1913, published in 1919). In 1913 he published his first collection of poems, ''The Stone'' (Russian: Камень, ''Kamyen''); it was reissued in 1916 under the same title, but with additional poems included.
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